Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?

A) Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula.
B) Testosterone and estradiol are cis-trans isomers but have the same molecular formula.
C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
D) Testosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, with one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings.
E) Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule.



Answer: C

Testosterone and estradiol are

Testosterone and estradiol are

A) soluble in water.
B) structural isomers of each other.
C) proteins.
D) lipids.
E) enantiomers of each other.


Answer: B

Which functional groups can act as acids?

Which functional groups can act as acids?

A) amino and sulfhydryl
B) carbonyl and carboxyl
C) carboxyl and phosphate
D) hydroxyl and aldehyde
E) ketone and amino


Answer: C

A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it

A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it

A) would function only as an acid because of the carboxyl group.
B) would function only as a base because of the amino group.
C) would function as neither an acid nor a base.
D) would function as both an acid and a base.
E) is impossible to determine how it would function.



Answer: D

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

A) amino
B) carbonyl
C) carboxyl
D) phosphate
E) hydroxyl


Answer: C

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

A) ketone and methyl
B) carbonyl and amino
C) carboxyl and amino
D) amino and sulfhydryl
E) hydroxyl and carboxyl



Answer: C

Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups?

Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups?

A) They are basic in pH.
B) They are found in amino acids.
C) They contain nitrogen.
D) They are nonpolar.
E) They are components of urea.


Answer: D

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?

A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid.
B) It should dissolve in water.
C) It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent.
D) It won't form hydrogen bonds with water.
E) It is hydrophobic.



Answer: B

Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms can have different structures in all of the following ways except

Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms can have different structures in all of the following ways except

A) by branching of the carbon skeleton.
B) by varying the number of double bonds between carbon atoms.
C) by varying the position of double bonds between carbon atoms.
D) by forming a ring.
E) by forming enantiomers.



Answer: E

Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will

Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will

A) be more flexible in structure.
B) be more constrained in structure.
C) be more polar.
D) have more hydrogen atoms.
E) have fewer structurally distinct isomers.



Answer: B

What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?

What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?

A) the presence or absence of bonds with oxygen atoms
B) the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms
C) the polarity of the covalent bonds between carbon and other atoms
D) the presence or absence of bonds with nitrogen atoms
E) the solvent that the organic molecule is dissolved in


Answer: B

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that

A) have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons.
B) are mirror images of one another.
C) exist in either linear chain or ring forms.
D) differ in the location of their double bonds.
E) differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds.



Answer: B

Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.
C) They have the same chemical properties.
D) They have different molecular formulas.
E) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.


Answer: A

How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10?

How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 3
E) 11



Answer: B

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
C) They are hydrophilic.
D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
E) They are lighter than water.



Answer: B

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?

A) Inorganic carbon atoms in the seeds were incorporated into organic molecules by the bird.
B) The carbon atoms ultimately came from the soil.
C) The carbon atoms are ultimately derived from coal.
D) The carbon atoms ultimately came from carbon dioxide incorporated into sugars through photosynthesis.
E) The carbon atoms ultimately came from simple organic compounds that formed abiotically from inorganic carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.



Answer: D

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?

A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants.
B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis.
C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
D) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, and they are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
E) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, they were processed into sugars through photosynthesis, and they are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.


Answer: E

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

A) ionic
B) hydrogen
C) covalent
D) covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
E) ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds


Answer: C

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 8



Answer: D

When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?

When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?

A) mostly amino acids
B) only simple organic compounds such as formaldehyde and cyanide
C) mostly hydrocarbons
D) only simple inorganic compounds
E) both simple organic compounds and more complex organic compounds such as amino acids and hydrocarbons


Answer: E