NAIMMCQ: Psychodynamic Personality Theories

Psychodynamic Personality Theories

Showing posts with label Psychodynamic Personality Theories. Show all posts

Maslow suggested exceptions to the rule that the D-motives always occur in a fixed hierarchy. For example:

1. people consistently deprived at one level may be so satisfied when that level's needs are met that higher needs never emerge.
2. people may over-react to a need (eg hunger) if they have never experienced it, and may find it difficult to go without eating when they first experience real hunger.
3. in some people, higher level needs may never emerge, despite consistent satisfaction of lower-level needs.
4. all of the above
5. 1 and 3 only

Answer: 1

Basically, Rogers believed that psychopathology arises:

1. when the conditions of worth prevent the individual from using the organismic valuing process to guide his life choices.
2. when the lack of unconditional positive regard prevents the development of the ideal Self.
3. when the absence of positive regard prevents the development of the organismic valuing process.
4. when the ideal Self is incongruent with the conditions of worth.
5. none of the above

Answer: 1

According to Rogers, the relationship between the ideal Self and the organismic valuing process is such that:

1. the organismic valuing process is the innate mechanism that leads the individual toward the development of the ideal Self.
2. the organismic valuing process cannot begin to function until the ideal Self has been established.
3. when the ideal Self develops, it takes over the function of the organismic valuing process.
4. the ideal self is the individual's internalized version of the organismic valuing process.
5. none of the above.

Answer: 3

According to your lectures, one important impetus for the revival of the cognitive approach to psychology was:

1. Skinner's moderate behaviorism of the late 1930's, which allowed the inference of internal processes.
2. Hull's tentative mathematical models of human memory in the early 1940's.
3. Broadbent's model of selective attention in the early 1950's.
4. Dvorecky's field-theory conceptual models of human motivation, in the late 1950's.
5. more than one of the above

Answer: 3

If we compare Maslow's ideas about self-actualizing with Rogers' ideas about the actualizing tendency we find that:

1. Rogers believes that actualization is an innate tendency; Maslow believes that it is acquired.
2. both agree that actualization does not begin until more fundamental human motives are satisfied.
3. both agree that there are several other human motives, and that actualization is qualitatively different from these others.
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

Answer: 5

According to Rogers, the relationship between incongruence and the conditions of worth is that

1. conditions of worth cannot arise as long as the real self is inconsistent with the ideal self.
2. incongruence arises when a individual's thoughts or emotions are inconsistent with the conditions of worth.
3. incongruence arises when the conditions of worth are inconsistent with the ideal self.
4. when incongruence arises repeatedly, it leads to the formation of the conditions of worth.
5. none of the above.

Answer: 2

Joan is a student who wants eventually to enter politics. Right now, she is working hard to become president of her undergraduate Political Science Society. Maslow would argue that Joan's behavior is motivated by:

1. only the need that has emerged most recently in her life.
2. many different needs at the same time.
3. the two highest, or most recently emerged, needs in her life.
4. social rather than personal needs.
5. more than one of the above.

Answer: 2

According to Rogers, the conditions of worth:

1. are those experiences or feelings that we value, approach or maintain because they are consistent with the actualizing tendency
2. are the standards of behavior that others require us to meet in order to receive positive regard.
3. are internalized to form the ideal Self.
4. both 2 and 3
5. none of the above

Answer: 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of Rogers' fully functioning individual?

1. He has the impression or feeling that his life is full of options, and that he is free to live life as he chooses.
2. He perceives the world accurately, without defensiveness or distortion.
3. She takes control of her life situation, refusing to simply accept passively whatever life chooses to offer.
4. She has a strong need for privacy and personal space.
5. all of the above ARE characteristic of Rogers' fully-functioning individual

Answer: 4

An accurate summary of Bandura & Mischel's concept of reciprocal determinism would be that:

1. an individual's interpretation of a situation, and her final overt behavior in it, depend on the complex interaction of many internal evaluation processes or variables.
2. the current state of social learning person variables depends on an interaction between their initial state and the individual's recent experience.
3. an individual's interpretation of a situation, her actions in that situation and the changes it causes, all interact to modulate behavior.
4. an individual's perception of a situation depends on the person variables she brings to it, on the behavior of others in that situation, and on her memory of previous experiences in that situation.
5. none of the above

Answer: 3

According to Bandura and Mischel, social learning person variables:

1. are those aspects of an individual's cognitive processing that are derived from early childhood experiences of reward and punishment, especially for imitating the behavior of others.
2. are those characteristics of an individual that allow him or her to acquire new behaviors by observing the actions of others.
3. are the cognitive processes that an individual uses to perceive and evaluate a situation.
4. are the traits that characterize an individual's consistent behavior in a variety of situations.
5. none of the above

Answer: 3

Critics of cognitive social learning theory point out that:

1. it places too much stress on biological bases of personality.
2. it is no better able to predict behavior in a given situation than other theories.
3. it has failed to generate much new research.
4. all of the above
5. 1 and 2 only

Answer: 2

According to Mischel and Bandura, people with high perceived self-efficacy:

1. are more likely to try new activities and experiences than are those with low perceived self-efficacy.
2. are more likely to work harder and more persistently at a task than are those with low perceived self-efficacy.
3. are likely to experience more positive emotions while engaged in an activity than are those with low perceived self-efficacy.
4. all of the above
5. 1 and 2 only

Answer: 4

Bandura and Mischel argue that the most common cause of behavior pathology (or psychopathology) is:

1. anxiety about inappropriate motives or about inadequate performance.
2. the absence of appropriate external or self-reinforcement for behavior.
3. dysfunctional expectancies, especially expectancies about self-efficacy.
4. inappropriate encoding strategies or self-deprecating self-constructs.
5. none of the above.

Answer: 3

According to Bandura and Mischel, an individual's encoding strategies and personal constructs are his or her:

1. habitual ways of perceiving and interpreting events and people in their environment, including themselves.
2. self-perceptions concerning abilities, skills and values.
3. abilities to symbolically rehearse and retain information about past experiences.
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

Answer: 1

According to your lectures, one important impetus for the revival of the cognitive approach to psychology was:

1. Hull's tentative mathematical models of human memory in the early 1940's.
2. Skinner's moderate behaviorism of the late 1930's, which allowed the inference of internal processes.
3. Broadbent's model of selective attention in the early 1950's.
4. Dvorecky's field-theory conceptual models of human motivation, in the late 1950's.
5. more than one of the above

Answer: 3

While Jack assumes that others are basically honest and friendly, his sister Jill assume that every behavior of others has some ulterior motive, and that people cannot be trusted. In terms of Bandura/Mischel's theory, we could best describe this difference between them by saying that:

1. Jack and Jill have very different encoding strategies.
2. Jack and Jill have very different behavior-outcome expectancies.
3. Jack and Jill have very different subjective values.
4. Jack and Jill have very different self-regulatory systems.
5. none of the above.

Answer: 1

The concept of reciprocal determinism, as used by Bandura and Mischel implies that:

1. the individual's actions in a situation may alter that situation, and require the individual to reappraise the changed situation.
2. the individual acts in a certain way as a result of his or her cognitive interpretation of a situation.
3. an individual cannot accurately appraise a situation until he or she has taken some action in that situation.
4. other people and their actions are more important than an individual's person variables in determining what an individual does in a situation.
5. both 1 and 2

Answer: 5

Mischel and Bandura's concept of subjective values would be most similar to Freud's concept of:

1. fixation
2. sublimation
3. repression
4. the superego
5. the ego

Answer: 4

"...with the possible exception of intelligence, highly generalized behavioral consistencies have not been demonstrated, and the concept of personality traits as broad dispositions is thus untenable." Who said this?

1. Maslow
2. Spence
3. Mischel
4. Skinner
5. none of the above

Answer: 3