In the live lecture, we discussed the evidence that was put forward for early childhood enrichment programs such as the First Three Years education movement. We found that:

In the live lecture, we discussed the evidence that was put forward for early childhood enrichment programs such as the First Three Years education movement. We found that:

A) Perceptual narrowing of phoneme sensitivity is prevented in toddlers who listen to classical music during their critical period.
B) The emergence of enrichment programs was partially inspired by scientific research on critical periods in the development of vision.
C) Toddlers who show high restraint on the marshmallow test are more likely to gain long-term benefits from enrichment programs than toddlers that show low restraint.
D) Toddlers who engage in these enrichment programs maintain the neurons that developed during their biological exuberance period.


Answer: B

Suppose we are interested in asking if babies that are only a few minutes old prefer face-like stimuli over non-face-like stimuli. Imagine yourself as a researcher testing this idea. Which of the following would be the best way to do so?

Suppose we are interested in asking if babies that are only a few minutes old prefer face-like stimuli over non-face-like stimuli. Imagine yourself as a researcher testing this idea. Which of the following would be the best way to do so?

A) Present the newborn with an array of squares resembling eyes and a nose alongside an array of squares resembling eyes, nose and a mouth. Observe the newborn's reaction through a small hole in the centre of the stimulus card.
B) Present the newborn with a photograph of a face alongside a photograph of a house. Observe the newborn's response by holding the stimuli on a card below your chin so that your view is unobstructed.
C) Present the newborn with a photograph of a face alongside a photograph of a face with inverted features. Observe the newborn's response through a small hole in the stimulus in the centre of the stimulus card.
D) Present the newborn with a cartoon of a simple geometric smiley face alongside a cartoon of a simple geometric frowning face. Observe the newborn's response through a small hole in the centre of the stimulus card.



Answer: C

Which of the following best exemplifies dishabituation?

Which of the following best exemplifies dishabituation?

A) The return of heart rate to a resting level, such as 70 beats per minute, following prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
B) The return of heart rate to a resting level, such as 70 beats per minute, following the presentation of a novel stimulus.
C) The dramatic increase of heart rate to an excited level, such as 120 beats per minute, following the presentation of a novel stimulus.
D) The dramatic increase of heart rate to an excited level, such as 120 beats per minute, following prolonged exposure to a stimulus.



Answer: C

Which of the following lines of evidence would not support the importance of critical periods for visual development?

Which of the following lines of evidence would not support the importance of critical periods for visual development?

A) Gordon is raised in an enriched environment and his monozygotic brother is raised in a deprived environment, and Gordon has more connections between neurons than his brother.
B) Gordon is visually deprived for the first year of his life and is now unable to discriminate visual patterns.
C) Gordon is visually deprived for the first year of life, and later in life develops the ability to discriminate all visual patters.
D) After one year of normal life, Gordon is adopted and visually deprived for a year and is still able to discriminate visual patterns.


Answer: C

Which of the following correctly exemplifies the range of reaction principle?

Which of the following correctly exemplifies the range of reaction principle?

A) Despite being exposed to songs from other species, birds always learn the song of their own species.
B) Jeff inherited a severe genetic disorder that prevents the proper development of his lower limbs.
C) As a child, Julie noticed that she and her friends preferred the taste of sugary candy to bitter vegetables.
D) Robbie inherited genes that enhance his tennis abilities, and with proper training, he has the ability to become a professional tennis player.



Answer: D

Which of the following is one of the differences between experience-expectant and experience-dependent brain growth?

Which of the following is one of the differences between experience-expectant and experience-dependent brain growth?

A) Experience-expectant growth is affected by the genotype, while experience-dependent is not.
B) Experience-expectant growth is universal for all typically developing individuals, while experience-dependent growth is not.
C) Experience-expectant growth occurs anytime during a lifespan, while experience-dependant growth only occurs early in life.
D) Experience-expectant growth affects our survival, while experience-dependent does not.



Answer: B

How does the competence-performance distinction affect research conducted on infants and which gene/environment correlation is most influential at this age?

How does the competence-performance distinction affect research conducted on infants and which gene/environment correlation is most influential at this age?

A) Infants may fail a task because they lack the physical ability to perform the task; Active correlation.
B) Infants may fail a task because they have overprotective parents who will not let them perform the experiment; Passive correlation.
C) Infants may fail a task because they do not have the cognitive abilities to complete the task; Evocative correlation.
D) Infants may fail a task because they are unable to demonstrate that they have the cognitive abilities to complete a task; Passive correlation.


Answer: D

In which of the following experiments would it be most beneficial to utilize the event-related potentials method of studying development?

In which of the following experiments would it be most beneficial to utilize the event-related potentials method of studying development?

A) An experimenter wishes to record the physiological activity that results following the presentation of a novel visual stimulus.
B) An experimenter wishes to investigate the effect of loud versus quiet sounds on auditory brain areas in infants.
C) An experimenter wishes to determine an infant's aversion to pictures of dangerous animals versus pictures of friendly pets.
D) An experimenter wishes to compare the difference in location of brain structures in adult and infant brains.



Answer: B

Which of the following, on its own, would be support for a critical period of development?

Which of the following, on its own, would be support for a critical period of development?

A) When earmuffs are placed on a dog's ears to block out sound between 1 and 4 weeks old, they later have impaired hearing abilities compared to normal dogs of the same age.
B) When nose plugs are placed on the noses of monkeys between 2 and 4 months old, they can distinguish the smells of a ripe and unripe banana as well as a normal monkey can.
C) When eye patches are placed on the eyes of dogs between the ages of 1 and 6 weeks old, puppies initially have impaired vision but the impairment is reversed once the eye patches are removed.
D) When a Kitten is visually deprived after the first 6 weeks of life, it experiences no visual impairments upon the cessation of deprivation and has vision comparable to kittens of a similar age.


Answer: A

Which of the following statements most accurately describes monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Which of the following statements most accurately describes monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A) Monozygotic twins have exactly the same genotype and phenotype, whereas dizygotic twins do not.
B) Monozygotic twins have exactly the same chromosomes and genes, whereas dizygotic twins have exactly the same genes but different chromosomes.
C) Monozygotic twins begin as the same zygote, whereas dizygotic twins begin as two separate zygotes.
D) Dizygotic twins are less similar genetically than monozygotic twins, but more similar genetically than regular siblings.



Answer: C

Through advanced genetic screening, Todd was informed that he had the genetic potential to grow to 6'5. However, at age 35, Todd stands at about 5'10. Taking into account gene/environment interactions, how is this scenario best explained?

Through advanced genetic screening, Todd was informed that he had the genetic potential to grow to 6'5. However, at age 35, Todd stands at about 5'10. Taking into account gene/environment interactions, how is this scenario best explained?

A) Todd experienced a less-than-ideal environment during development, such that he could never reach his 6'5 potential.
B) Todd's genotype restricted the number of phenotypes available to him, such that he could never reach his 6'5 potential.
C) Todd experienced a suitable environment during development, but his genes did not allow him to reach his 6'5 potential.
D) According to passive genotype/environment correlations, Todd sought out experiences not conducive to reaching his 6'5 potential.



Answer: A

In an alien species, alleles X and T are co-dominantly expressed. Allele X codes for red fur and allele T codes for white fur. A third allele, W, codes for black fur and is recessive. If a black furred alien mates with a pink furred alien, what fur colours can their offspring have?

In an alien species, alleles X and T are co-dominantly expressed. Allele X codes for red fur and allele T codes for white fur. A third allele, W, codes for black fur and is recessive. If a black furred alien mates with a pink furred alien, what fur colours can their offspring have?

A) Red, White and Black
B) Pink and Black
C) Pink, Black and Grey
D) Red and White



Answer: D

Which of the following statements regarding physiological development is most correct?

Which of the following statements regarding physiological development is most correct?

A) A decrease in testosterone as women age leads to decreased libido.
B) Increased body hair and menarche signal male puberty.
C) Puberty marks our first hormonally driven physical changes.
D) Gonadotrophic hormones released by the hypothalamus influence reproduction.



Answer: A

Randy and Lucy have both purchased toys for their new baby cousin, Julian. To see which toy is most preferred, Randy and Lucy present both toys to Julian at the same time. They find that Randy's toy is preferred over Lucy's. How did they come to this conclusion?

Randy and Lucy have both purchased toys for their new baby cousin, Julian. To see which toy is most preferred, Randy and Lucy present both toys to Julian at the same time. They find that Randy's toy is preferred over Lucy's. How did they come to this conclusion?

A) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian became habituated to Lucy's toy before Randy's toy.
B) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian sucked on his soother much less intensely when viewing Randy's toy.
C) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian spent less time looking at Lucy's toy than Randy's.
D)After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian became habituated to both but then became dishabituated to Randy's.



Answer: C

Baby Grace is unfortunately born with severe birth defects, despite her mother refraining from any drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. She suffers from partial paralysis and severe loss of vision and hearing. Which of the following aspects of the prenatal environment would be most likely to contribute to these birth defects?

Baby Grace is unfortunately born with severe birth defects, despite her mother refraining from any drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. She suffers from partial paralysis and severe loss of vision and hearing. Which of the following aspects of the prenatal environment would be most likely to contribute to these birth defects?

A) Hormones
B) Sensory deprivation
C) Nutrition
D) Severe maternal stress



Answer: C

Two rabbits are raised in a laboratory. One rabbit is raised in an environment that exactly mimics the natural environment. The other rabbit is raised in a cage with lots of toys, providing all the stimulation found in a natural environment. Having been raised in slightly different yet equally stimulating environments, which of the following scenarios is most probable?

Two rabbits are raised in a laboratory. One rabbit is raised in an environment that exactly mimics the natural environment. The other rabbit is raised in a cage with lots of toys, providing all the stimulation found in a natural environment. Having been raised in slightly different yet equally stimulating environments, which of the following scenarios is most probable?

A) Neither rabbit will have the opportunity to undergo experience-expectant nor experience-dependant brain growth.
B) Both rabbits will undergo the same experience-expectant brain growth but different experience-dependant brain growth.
C) The rabbits will undergo different experience-expectant brain growth but the same experience-dependant brain growth.
D) Both rabbits will undergo the same experience-expectant brain growth and experience-dependant brain growth.



Answer: B

For this question, assume that hair colour can only be brown or red and follows the principles of simple dominant recessive inheritance. The dominant allele (B) corresponds to the colour brown and the recessive allele (r) corresponds to the colour red. If the mother is heterozygous and the father is homozygous for brown hair, what is the probability of having a child with the red hair phenotype?

For this question, assume that hair colour can only be brown or red and follows the principles of simple dominant recessive inheritance. The dominant allele (B) corresponds to the colour brown and the recessive allele (r) corresponds to the colour red. If the mother is heterozygous and the father is homozygous for brown hair, what is the probability of having a child with the red hair phenotype?

A) 75%
B) 0%
C) 25%
D) 100%



Answer: B

In an alien species, 3 parents are required to reproduce. Each parent contributes 12 chromosomes to their offspring. If 6 sex chromosomes determine the sex of each alien, what is the total number of autosomal chromosomes possessed by an individual alien?

In an alien species, 3 parents are required to reproduce. Each parent contributes 12 chromosomes to their offspring. If 6 sex chromosomes determine the sex of each alien, what is the total number of autosomal chromosomes possessed by an individual alien?

A) 24
B) 36
C) 30
D) 42



Answer: C

Baby Ricky is a model and as such, is required to pose for countless photo sessions. Unfortunately, it is difficult to get baby Ricky to focus on the camera for a prolonged period of time. Which of the following would be the best way to gain his interest to keep baby Ricky focused on the photographer for the duration of the photo session?

Baby Ricky is a model and as such, is required to pose for countless photo sessions. Unfortunately, it is difficult to get baby Ricky to focus on the camera for a prolonged period of time. Which of the following would be the best way to gain his interest to keep baby Ricky focused on the photographer for the duration of the photo session?

A) Repeatedly present an image of a complex black and white pattern close to the camera.
B) Tape the face of another baby model to the top of every camera used by the photographer.
C) Blow a different sounding whistle from behind the photographer.
D) Repeatedly present an image of baby Ricky's favorite teddy bear close to the camera.


Answer: C

Kelly is an extroverted and adventure-seeking only child. Her parents are more introverted and scholarly. According to what you know about the influence of genes on the environment, which of the following is most likely?Kelly is an extroverted and adventure-seeking only child. Her parents are more introverted and scholarly. According to what you know about the influence of genes on the environment, which of the following is most likely?

Kelly is an extroverted and adventure-seeking only child. Her parents are more introverted and scholarly. According to what you know about the influence of genes on the environment, which of the following is most likely?

A) Since she has no siblings, Kelly will choose what she is enrolled in as a child and will maintain these interests as an adult.
B) If Kelly was enrolled in a book club as a child, she will actively seek membership in these clubs as an adult.
C) Kelly will be enrolled in rock climbing classes as a child and choose to enroll in similar classes as an adult.
D) Kelly will be enrolled in a reading program as a child but will enroll in rock climbing classes as an adult.


Answer: D