According to Guthrie, if I wish to acquire the habit of leaving my keys on the hallway table when I enter the house, I should

According to Guthrie, if I wish to acquire the habit of leaving my keys on the hallway table when I enter the house, I should

a. deliberately and repeatedly practice entering the house and leaving the keys on the table.
b. punish my behavior when I happen to leave my keys elsewhere.
c. reinforce my behavior when I happen to leave my keys there.
d. both reinforce my behavior when I happen to leave my keys there and punish my behavior when I happen to leave my keys elsewhere.


Answer: A

Which procedure is most likely to produce an inflexible behavior pattern that will be difficult to alter at a later point in time?

Which procedure is most likely to produce an inflexible behavior pattern that will be difficult to alter at a later point in time?

a. errorless discrimination training
b. repeated sessions of extinction alternated with a rich schedule of primary reinforcers
c. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
d. stimulus control


Answer: A

When Rachel finds that she will soon lose her job due to cutbacks, the tasks involved suddenly become more interesting. This is best described as an example of

When Rachel finds that she will soon lose her job due to cutbacks, the tasks involved suddenly become more interesting. This is best described as an example of

a. positive contrast.
b. anticipatory contrast.
c. the peak shift effect.
d. differential reinforcement.


Answer: B

On which of the following schedules (chained or multiple) could a rat earn the most food during a two-hour session?

On which of the following schedules (chained or multiple) could a rat earn the most food during a two-hour session?

a. Multiple VI 60-sec FI 300-sec
b. Multiple VI 300-sec FI 400-sec
c. Chain VI 300-sec FI 60-sec
d. Chain VI 60-sec FI 300-sec


Answer: A

A rat receives food when it emits lever presses in the presence of a 900 Hz tone, but not in the presence of a 1300 Hz tone. In a subsequent test of generalization, which of the following tones would likely produce the highest rate of lever pressing?

A rat receives food when it emits lever presses in the presence of a 900 Hz tone, but not in the presence of a 1300 Hz tone. In a subsequent test of generalization, which of the following tones would likely produce the highest rate of lever pressing?

a. 1250 Hz
b. 1350 Hz
c. 1300 Hz
d. 850 Hz



Answer: D

Robert always looks downward in the presence of a police officer. This is most clearly an example of

Robert always looks downward in the presence of a police officer. This is most clearly an example of

a. spontaneous recovery.
b. dishabituation.
c. a positive contrast effect.
d. stimulus control.


Answer: D

Which of the following most clearly reflects the need to be persistent in order to eliminate a behavior pattern?

Which of the following most clearly reflects the need to be persistent in order to eliminate a behavior pattern?

a. the peak shift effect
b. a DRI schedule
c. a DRO schedule
d. spontaneous recovery


Answer: D

Zakir's mother tells him that he will no longer receive extra money (over and above his allowance) when he asks for it. Nevertheless, each day for the next three weeks, Zakir asks for extra money. What is the most likely reason for this persistence?

Zakir's mother tells him that he will no longer receive extra money (over and above his allowance) when he asks for it. Nevertheless, each day for the next three weeks, Zakir asks for extra money. What is the most likely reason for this persistence?

a. In the past, the extra money that he would get was often substantial.
b. In the past, he received extra money each time he asked for it.
c. In the past, he received extra money only occasionally when he asked for it.
d. He has been receiving extra money for over two years, so has gotten into the habit of receiving it.


Answer: C

Mihaly is feeling quite depressed these days. From a behavioral perspective, he may be suffering the effects of

Mihaly is feeling quite depressed these days. From a behavioral perspective, he may be suffering the effects of

a. inadequate stimulus control.
b. anticipatory contrast.
c. extinction.
d. low self-esteem.


Answer: C

An initial increase in the frequency of key pecking by pigeons when extinction is first implemented is called

An initial increase in the frequency of key pecking by pigeons when extinction is first implemented is called

a. rehabituation.
b. an extinction burst.
c. resurgence.
d. spontaneous recovery.


Answer: B

According to the behavioral bliss point approach, most people

According to the behavioral bliss point approach, most people

a. establish a distribution of activities that enable them to almost always reach their bliss point.
b. move toward their bliss point only if they follow a conscious plan.
c. reach their bliss point when many activities are highly restricted.
d. distribute their activities to approach their bliss point as close as possible.


Answer: D

"Save the most enjoyable tasks for last." Which of the following approaches would be most supportive of this advice?

"Save the most enjoyable tasks for last." Which of the following approaches would be most supportive of this advice?

a. response deprivation hypothesis
b. drive reduction theory
c. behavioral bliss point approach
d. the Premack principle


Answer: D

Tran often drinks diet soft drinks. This is best described as an example of

Tran often drinks diet soft drinks. This is best described as an example of

a. behavioral bliss.
b. drive reduction.
c. incentive motivation.
d. the Premack principle.


Answer: C

Justin's dog has to sit down, then lay down, then roll over, and then beg in order to earn a treat. The behavior that will be performed best is likely to be

Justin's dog has to sit down, then lay down, then roll over, and then beg in order to earn a treat. The behavior that will be performed best is likely to be

a. sitting down.
b. rolling over.
c. laying down.
d. begging.


Answer: D

What motivates a pigeon in an operant conditioning experiment to continue to respond throughout the early links in a chained schedule?

What motivates a pigeon in an operant conditioning experiment to continue to respond throughout the early links in a chained schedule?

a. primary reinforcers in the form of changes in key color at the end of each link
b. secondary reinforcers in the form of changes in key color at the end of each link
c. primary reinforcers in the form of food at the end of each link
d. generalized reinforcers in the form of changes in key color at the end of each link


Answer: B

The bus arrives every 30 minutes sharp. This is most similar to a(n) ________ schedule of reinforcement.

The bus arrives every 30 minutes sharp. This is most similar to a(n) ________ schedule of reinforcement.

a. DRL
b. FT
c. FI
d. FR


Answer: B

In a hot dog eating contest, eating is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

In a hot dog eating contest, eating is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

a. DRL
b. DRI
c. DRP
d. DRH


Answer: D

When Battu is practicing piano, his mother rewards him by occasionally giving him a hug. This is best described as an example of a ________ schedule.

When Battu is practicing piano, his mother rewards him by occasionally giving him a hug. This is best described as an example of a ________ schedule.

a. VI
b. VD
c. VR
d. VT


Answer: B

Horst desperately wanted to be a writer. He sent out hundreds of short-story manuscripts but sold only two. He no longer tries to be a writer. This is best described as an example of

Horst desperately wanted to be a writer. He sent out hundreds of short-story manuscripts but sold only two. He no longer tries to be a writer. This is best described as an example of

a. ratio strain.
b. extinction.
c. the goal gradient effect.
d. stretching the ratio.


Answer: A

What type of schedule is most likely to produce the following pattern of behavior in a pigeon: 10 pecks, eat, 10 pecks, eat, 10 pecks, eat, etc.?

What type of schedule is most likely to produce the following pattern of behavior in a pigeon: 10 pecks, eat, 10 pecks, eat, 10 pecks, eat, etc.?

a. VR
b. FR
c. FI
d. VI


Answer: B