Once again Sally is considering giving money to charity. Her friend Nancy agrees with her charitable spirit but is a critic of utilitarianism. Which of the following is Nancy most likely to say to Sally?

Once again Sally is considering giving money to charity. Her friend Nancy agrees with her charitable spirit but is a critic of utilitarianism. Which of the following is Nancy most likely to say to Sally? 

(That is, which of the following portrays a criticism of utilitarianism in this case?)



a. Sally, your money is yours; you have no reason to share it with anyone

b. Sally, your daughter is very sick and needs money for an operation; you shouldn't spend money on strangers before your daughter

c. Sally, people didn't evolve by being so generous; in order to survive you've got to look out for yourself more than these other people you want to help

d. Sally, don't make me hurt you. Give me the money.



Answer: B

Suppose Sally is considering giving money to a charitable organization. Which of the following best expresses part of a Utilitarian analysis of whether or not she should?

Suppose Sally is considering giving money to a charitable organization. Which of the following best expresses part of a Utilitarian analysis of whether or not she should?

a. Sally should consider the conceptual truth that charity is a good thing, discounting the empirical facts of the matter

b. Sally should try to figure out how her contribution will affect her bank account

c. Sally should consider whether or not her contribution would fulfill her true nature

d. Sally should check and see how and where the charitable organization has done work in the past to see what the impact is



Answer: D

Which of the following is one of the problems for Utilitarianism?

Which of the following is one of the problems for Utilitarianism?

a. It is too impartial

b. It has moral rules which are too absolute

c. Its main principle is incoherent

d. It is too focused on specific actions



Answer: A

The fact that Utilitarianism thinks there aren't absolute, specific moral rules is one way of showing that it is attractive to people because of its __________________.

The fact that Utilitarianism thinks there aren't absolute, specific moral rules is one way of showing that it is attractive to people because of its __________________.

a. Concreteness

b. Impartiality

c. Moral flexibility

d. Arbitrariness




Answer: C

Which of the following is the best expression of a Utilitarian belief?

Which of the following is the best expression of a Utilitarian belief?

a. We should perform actions with good consequences

b. We should not perform actions that are unnatural

c. We should perform actions that bring about the most well-being for all involved

d. We should not perform actions that hurt people



Answer: C

Which of the following recommends that we should do actions which are in accordance with what enhances our probability of survival?

Which of the following recommends that we should do actions which are in accordance with what enhances our probability of survival?

a. The empirical model

b. The efficiency model

c. The conceptual model

d. The fitness model


Answer: D

Which of the following is one of the four problems our author identifies as one of those that Natural Law Theory hopes to solve?

Which of the following is one of the four problems our author identifies as one of those that Natural Law Theory hopes to solve?

a. How to decide what God wants from us

b. How to determine which action has the best consequences

c. How morality could be arbitrary

d. How morality could be objective



Answer: D

What fallacy occurs when an argument tests on the irrelevant testimony of a famous person, like a movie star or athlete?

What fallacy occurs when an argument tests on the irrelevant testimony of a famous person, like a movie star or athlete? 

Answer: Ad verecundiam

What fallacy occurs when someone is being discredited because of a political, religious, or social affiliation?

What fallacy occurs when someone is being discredited because of a political, religious, or social affiliation? 

Answer: Ad hominem circumstational

What fallacy occurs when someone argues for a position based solely on the basic of patriotism?

What fallacy occurs when someone argues for a position based solely on the basic of patriotism? 

Answer: Ad populum

What fallacy occurs when someone tries to bribe another person?

What fallacy occurs when someone tries to bribe another person? 

Answer: Ad baculum

What fallacy occurs when someone is discredited solely on the grounds of a characteristic like race, age, or gender?

What fallacy occurs when someone is discredited solely on the grounds of a characteristic like race, age, or gender? 

Answer: Ad hominem

What fallacy occurs when someone argues that a position should not be accepted, even if good reasons are offered, simply because the speaker does not follow his or her own advice and the speaker's actions suggest hypocrisy?

What fallacy occurs when someone argues that a position should not be accepted, even if good reasons are offered, simply because the speaker does not follow his or her own advice and the speaker's actions suggest hypocrisy? 

Answer: Tu quoque

What fallacy occurs when someone argues that something must be true because you can't prove it is false (or vice versa)?

What fallacy occurs when someone argues that something must be true because you can't prove it is false (or vice versa)? 

Answer: Ad ignorantiam

What fallacy occurs when someone makes an irrelevant appeal to a recent disaster as a reason for getting a job, raise, or better grade?

What fallacy occurs when someone makes an irrelevant appeal to a recent disaster as a reason for getting a job, raise, or better grade? 

Answer: Ad misericordian

What fallacy occurs when an advertiser uses snob appeal, such as suggesting that eating their mustard will make us feel like we own a Rolls Royce?

What fallacy occurs when an advertiser uses snob appeal, such as suggesting that eating their mustard will make us feel like we own a Rolls Royce?

Answer:  Ad populum

What fallacy occurs when, instead of being given reasons for coming to a decision, someone is asked to provide sexual favors in exchange for a job or raise?

What fallacy occurs when, instead of being given reasons for coming to a decision, someone is asked to provide sexual favors in exchange for a job or raise? 

Answer: Ad baculum

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy?

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy?

A. PHD
B. Ph.D.
C. Phd.
D. PhD