At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Qing Dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Qing Dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because


a) they were all dealing with challenges
b) they discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers
c) they were all forced to grant equal rights and political freedom to their people
d) there were all competing for the same colonies and resources

Answer: B.


World History

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