When does guilty knowledge occur?
A. A researcher becomes over-involved in the field setting and loses the objectivity of the role of researcher and becomes a complete participant.
B. The researcher selects a smaller set of observations based on time or activity in order to further develop theory and test developing hypotheses.
C. Members tell the researcher untruths to purposely mislead or give a false view.
D. A researcher learns about secret, illicit, or illegal activities during the course of conducting field research.
E. A person with formal or informal authority controls access to the field setting.
Answer Key: D