A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out, his owner is thrilled and thinks that her dog is brilliant. The dog, however, has not yet proven learning because
A) he may have accidentally bumped into the chain.
B) he must demonstrate that he has associated the chain with going out through prior experience.
C) he must repeat the behavior.
D) the change must be lasting.
E) All of the above.
Answer: E