All personality theories employ hypothetical constructs. Which of the following statements about hypothetical constructs is NOT true?
1. They are hypothesized states, processes or entities that may or may not have any real physical existence.
2. They are useful because they help us conceptualize and make sense of a variety of observations or phenomena.
3. They are only used in social sciences where precise, quantitative measurement is difficult or impossible.
4. The presence of hypothetical constructs in a theory make it difficult to test or verify.
5. Both 3 and 4 are not true.
Answer: 5
Psychodynamic Personality Theories
- Maslow suggested exceptions to the rule that the D-motives always occur in a fixed hierarchy. For example:
- Basically, Rogers believed that psychopathology arises:
- According to Rogers, the relationship between the ideal Self and the organismic valuing process is such that:
- According to your lectures, one important impetus for the revival of the cognitive approach to psychology was:
- If we compare Maslow's ideas about self-actualizing with Rogers' ideas about the actualizing tendency we find that:
- According to Rogers, the relationship between incongruence and the conditions of worth is that
- Joan is a student who wants eventually to enter politics. Right now, she is working hard to become president of her undergraduate Political Science Society. Maslow would argue that Joan's behavior is motivated by:
- According to Rogers, the conditions of worth:
- Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of Rogers' fully functioning individual?
- An accurate summary of Bandura & Mischel's concept of reciprocal determinism would be that:
- According to Bandura and Mischel, social learning person variables:
- Critics of cognitive social learning theory point out that:
- According to Mischel and Bandura, people with high perceived self-efficacy:
- Bandura and Mischel argue that the most common cause of behavior pathology (or psychopathology) is:
- According to Bandura and Mischel, an individual's encoding strategies and personal constructs are his or her:
- According to your lectures, one important impetus for the revival of the cognitive approach to psychology was:
- While Jack assumes that others are basically honest and friendly, his sister Jill assume that every behavior of others has some ulterior motive, and that people cannot be trusted. In terms of Bandura/Mischel's theory, we could best describe this difference between them by saying that:
- The concept of reciprocal determinism, as used by Bandura and Mischel implies that:
- Mischel and Bandura's concept of subjective values would be most similar to Freud's concept of:
- "...with the possible exception of intelligence, highly generalized behavioral consistencies have not been demonstrated, and the concept of personality traits as broad dispositions is thus untenable." Who said this?
- The views of Bandura and Mischel differ from those of classical learning theorists like Skinner in that Bandura and Mischel:
- Rogers uses a Q-Sort technique to chart the progress and assess the effectiveness of therapy. Studies of this sort suggest that as therapy progresses:
- Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms commonly levelled against `Maslow's theory?
- Rogers believes that unconditional positive regard is important to the individual because:
- Maslow described the self-actualized individual as someone who: