Visual disturbances are a common occurrence in patients with untreated Graves' disease. The main cause of these complications is:
a. decreased blood flow to the eye.
b. orbital oedema and extraocular muscle paralysis.
c. thyroid-stimulating hormone neurotoxicity to retinal cells.
d. localised lactic acidosis.
Answer: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- A 76 year old female presented to her doctor complaining of burning pain extending across the right side of her upper back. On examination she did have shingles 12 months ago. The type of pain that she has is likely to be:
- The lowest intensity that of a stimulus that is perceived as painful is termed:
- The pain threshold in children is:
- A 50 year old male crushed his hand while working in a sawmill. Long after his injury has healed he still feels burning pain in his hand. This pain is referred to as:
- A 15 year old female scrapes her knee while playing soccer and complains of sharp and well localized pain. Which of the following would most accurately characterise her pain?
- Which one of the following is an excitory neuromodulator that enhances pain transmission?
- Inflammation in visceral tissue activities:
- Which CNS tract is responsible for carrying sensory information from the nociceptors to the brain
- Cutaneous polymodal nociceptors are activated by:
- One location in which nociceptors can be found is the:
- A 20 year old female pricked her left hand while sewing: which area of her brain would have received the pain signals and perceived them as pain?
- Chronic pain is that has lasred longer than:
- Pain that is felt in a different body part to the source of the pain is called
- The pain that occurs to a stimulus such as light stroking that normally does not provoke pain is termed
- A 55 year old male presented to his doctor complaining of severe headache. Investigative tests suggested his pain was psychogenic in nature. This type of pain:
- The system responsible for an individual's emotional and behavioral responses to pain is the:
- The signs and symptoms of tetani, decreased calcium levels and raised serum phosphate levels are indicative of:
- Parathyroid hormone is released in response to:
- The adverse effects of glucocorticoids may include moon face, skin striae and abnormal fat distribution. These are considered to be:
- With respect to the use of glucocorticoids:
- The initial mechanism of action of glucocorticoids is:
- Which of the following actions of glucocorticoids is clinically useful?
- Which of the following statements is true with respect to the adrenal cortex hormones?
- A patient presents with enlargement of hands and feet, coarsening of facial features and diabetes. The patient should be treated with:
- Which is true of hypothalamic regulatory factors?