How do Plasmodium cells avoid immune clearance?

How do Plasmodium cells avoid immune clearance?













A. Antagonistic cytokines are produced by the Plasmodium cells.
B. Periodic changes in the surface antigen (VSG) of Plasmodium ensures that at least some cells will survive antibody mediate attacks.
C. Plasmodium cells show multi-drug resistance.
D. Plasmodium invades red blood cells so that immune-effector cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells cannot phagocytize Plasmodium cells.
E. TNF-a is produced in large amounts by Plasmodium, thus overwhelming the immune response and creating a cytokine storm.















Answer: D


Biology

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