In order to minimize the temptation for managers to act in their own self-interest, governance mechanisms exist for implementation consideration. Which of the following is not a primary means for monitoring managerial behavior?
A. a board of directors that acts in the best interests of shareholders to create short-term value
B. shareholder activism in which owners view themselves as shareowners
C. a board of directors that acts in the best interests of shareholders to create long-term value
D. managerial incentives to align management interests with those of the stockholders
Answer: A