What is the dominant force on the spine during activities requiring backward leaning of the trunk, such as rappelling?
A. compression
B. tension
C. shear
D. torsion
Answer: C
Biomechanics
- What injury can occur when the neck undergoes sudden acceleration and deceleration (such as in a car accident)?
- Sprains occur in what type of tissue?
- What musculoskeletal problem causes the most absences from work?
- Which of the following contributes to increased spinal loading?
- Spinal relaxation phenomenon explains what?
- What type of articulation occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?
- Attachment to the ribs limits range of motion in which vertebrae?
- In anatomical position, where is the center of gravity located relative to the spine?
- What action(s) do posterior trunk muscles cause when they contract unilaterally?
- Which abdominal muscles cause rotation to the left?
- Anterior pelvic tilt facilitates what type of spinal motion?
- Which type of exaggerated curve is often caused by osteoporosis?
- Lateral deviations in spinal curvature are called what?
- What is the enlarged cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament called?
- What causes the pumping action (influx and outflux of water containing nutrients and waste) of the intervertebral discs in adults?
- What is the most common type of spinal loading during daily activities?
- The most superior cervical vertebrae is called what?
- Unusually high incidences of pars interarticularis fractures have been documented in which of the following groups of athletes?
- What is the most common type of vertebral fracture?
- Which of the following are potential consequences of spinal fractures?
- Transverse or spinous process fractures may result from which of the following?
- A typical geriatric disc has a fluid content that is reduced by approximately how much?
- What joint is usually the culprit in low back pain?
- What is the result when part of the nucleus pulposus of the disc protrudes and presses on a nerve?