The primary cause of COPD is ____.
cigarette smoking
pollution
allergens
genetic defects
Answer: cigarette smoking
Pharmacotherapy
- Sergio has had cataract surgery. What kind of eye drops will he likely be given to reduce post-surgical inflammation?
- Jake takes nicotinic acid for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. How does nicotinic acid act?
- The principal mediator in attaining and maintaining an erection is ____.
- Prior to orthopedic surgery, Azalea meets with the anesthesiologist who, when explaining the medications that will be used, mentions that one will paralyze all of her muscles, including her diaphragm. What agent has this effect?
- Cian, who is diabetic, has been found to have extremely high triglycerides. What category of antilipemic agents will both lower her triglycerides and improve her glucose tolerance?
- Carla, 67 years of age, has a history of breast cancer and thromboembolic disorders, and cannot take hormone replacement or selective estrogen-receptor modifier therapy to treat her osteoporosis. What hormonal agent might be effective?
- Kristopher is taking medicine that contains dextromethorphan. What type of agent is dextromethorphan?
- Jean's doctor suggests that she use a decongestant but cautions her to limit her use to just a few days. What might prolonged use cause?
- Bhu is undergoing rigorous chemotherapy for cancer and has become anemic. What type of medication will increase her body's production of red blood cells?
- Kieran, who is being treated with heparin, is experiencing serious bleeding complications. What is the antidote?
- Ashley has insomnia and her doctor gives her medication to produce sleep. This type of medication is called a(n) ____.
- Rafael has just suffered a myocardial infarction and his physician in putting him on a prescription medication that has been shown to reduce atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular death) in patients with a history of recent stroke, recent MI, or established peripheral vascular disease. What medication fits this description?
- Mariam's ophthalmologist prescribes a prostaglandin analog for her glaucoma and explains that prostaglandin inhibitors act by ____.
- Adrian's mother and father have personal and family histories of drug addiction. Therefore, Adrian's mother asks whether there are any nonstimulant medications that can be used to treat his ADHD. What drug might be suggested?
- Pedro is stunned when he suddenly becomes violently dizzy, falls against the wall, and is nauseated. His doctor rules out infections and other possible causes and diagnoses Pedro with vertigo. What antiemetic is indicated for use with vertigo?
- Secretion of breast milk is stimulated by ____.
- Fay takes amiodarone for the treatment of refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. What side effect of amiodarone caused it to have a "Black Box Warning?"
- May has been diagnosed with glaucoma and is told she will be taking medications for the rest of her life. What is the primary function of antiglaucoma drugs?
- Lata is preparing a report on the abuse of ADHD medications in school settings, and is particularly interested in medications formulated in ways that reduce the risk of abuse. What prodrug should she include?
- Francesca attends doctor's appointments with her mother, who is in her late 80s. Her mother is taking NSAIDs for arthritis pain and Francesca asks what might indicate that her mother was having a GI bleed as a result. What should the doctor tell Francesca?
- Della is having trouble falling asleep and remembers that antihistamines make her drowsy. What antihistamine is approved as a nighttime sleep aid?
- Franklin is taking an antipsychotic that acts by blocking serotonin receptors and transiently blocking dopamine receptors. What antipsychotic might he be taking?
- Garrison has erectile disfunction (ED); angina, for which he uses sublingual nitroglycerin; and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), for which he takes Flomax. What would be a potential side effect if he were to use a PDE inhibitor?
- The Black Box warning that must be included on all antidepressants notes the increased risk of ____.
- Suzette is in need of emergency contraception. She has several contraindications to oral contraceptives. Can she use emergency contraception?