In order to stem the tide of Western encroachment and influence, a growing number of Chinese officials advocated a policy of _________, whose two most prominent advocates were Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan.

In order to stem the tide of Western encroachment and influence, a growing number of Chinese officials advocated a policy of _________, whose two most prominent advocates were Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan.



Answer: self-strengthening