The Protestant Reformation changed Europe I. by contributing to violent wars II. by ending the unilateral power of the Catholic pope in Europe III. by curtailing the power of the clerical hierarchy

The Protestant Reformation changed Europe
I. by contributing to violent wars
II. by ending the unilateral power of the Catholic pope in Europe
III. by curtailing the power of the clerical hierarchy 

(A) all of the above
(B) I and II only
(C) II and III only
(D) I and III only
(E) none of the above

Answer: A.

Political developments in France and England

Political developments in France and England 

(A) can be compared in the similar state religions both monarchies professed
(B) can be contrasted in the high war debts France accumulated while England fought few wars between 1450 and 1750
(C) can be compared in the similar opulence of the Versailles and Buckingham palaces
(D) can be contrasted in the relative powers of the French Estates General and the British Parliament
(E) can be compared in the powerlessness of the monarchy that both areas shared as a result of inept governance

Answer: C.

The roles of women in Europe

The roles of women in Europe 

(A) continued to be inferior to those of men,
(B) became more public as education became more available, a result of the Protestant Reformation
(C) were largely dependent on one's social class
(D) varied greatly from country to country
(E) all of the above

Answer: E.

One of the most visible environmental disasters of eighteenth century Europe was

One of the most visible environmental disasters of eighteenth century Europe was 

(A) air pollution caused by the burning of coal, which created a black fog in cities such as London
(B) the shortage of large trees for sail masts, a result of the building of so many large cathedrals
(C) deforestation caused by the new iron industry's sudden need for wood and a period of colder temperatures
(D) soil depletion and eventually famine caused by the emphasis on new crops such as potatoes
(E) famines caused by intense periods of either rain or drought

Answer: C.

Peasants in Italy and Ireland

Peasants in Italy and Ireland 

(A) were part of the global trade network, supplying maize and potatoes
(B) produced wheat for large European cities while eating potatoes and. maize
(C) drank lots of wine and beer produced on the estates that they worked
(D) lived a better life than they had lived before because they could sell potatoes for cash
(E) exported wheat because it was seen as inferior to the new American crops such as maize and potatoes

Answer: B.

By 1750, the world economy could best be described as

By 1750, the world economy could best be described as 

(A) consisting of fragmented regional trading networks (B) linked by cooperative mercantilism policies
(C) centered on the agricultural output of the Colombian Exchange
(D) driven by trade centered on the Mediterranean Sea
(E) moving toward unification based on European maritime dominance

Answer: E.