Black widow spider venom is thought to disrupt the functioning of nerve terminals by:
- proteolytic cleavage of SNARE proteins.
- circumventing the calcium-regulatory step of exocytosis to promote massive exocytosis.
- binding to all molecules of synapsin, synaptotagmin, and synaptophysin and thereby preventing their normal functioning.
- punching holes in vesicles and thereby causing release of their contents into the cytosol.
- blocking calcium channels.
Answer: 2