NAIMMCQ: September 2016

Archive for September 2016

The financial and economic collapse of 1857 increased northern anger at the South's refusal to support

a.banking regulation and development of a sound paper currency.
b.a transcontinental railroad and transatlantic telegraph.
c.publicly supported state universities.
d.the admission of any more free states into the Union.
e.higher tariffs and free western homesteads for farmers.

Answer: E

In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court

a. avoided controversy by ruling that the slave Dred Scott had no right to sue in federal court.
b. ruled that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was unconstitutional.
c. ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in any of the territories because slaves were private property of which owners could not be deprived.
d. ruled that Dred Scott was still a slave because he had not filed suit until he had been returned to the slave state of Missouri.
e. ruled that Dred Scott had to be freed because his owner had taken him into the free state of Illinois

Answer: C

The election of 1856 was most noteworthy for

a. Democrat James Buchanan's surprisingly easy victory over John Frémont.
b. the support immigrants and Catholics gave to the American party.
c. the dramatic rise of the Republican party.
d. the absence of the slavery issue from the campaign.
e. the strong showing of former president Millard Fillmore as the American party candidate.

Answer: C

Congressman Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death on the Senate floor because

a. Sumner had helped to fund John Brown's violent activities in Kansas.
b. Sumner had used abusive language to describe the South and a South Carolina senator.
c. Sumner had personally blocked the admission of Kansas to the Union as a slave state.
d. Sumner had threatened to kill Brooks if he had the opportunity.
e. Democrats believed that Sumner would be a dangerous Republican candidate for president.

Answer: B

The fanatical abolitionist John Brown made his first entry into violent antislavery politics by

a. killing five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas.
b. organizing a slave rebellion in Missouri.
c. leading an armed raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
d. organizing an armed militia of blacks and whites to conduct escaped slaves to Canada.
e. soliciting funds from abolitionists intellectuals in Massachusetts to finance a slave revolt.

Answer: A

As submitted to Congress, the Lecompton Constitution was designed to

a. bring Kansas into the Union as a free state.
b. bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state and Nebraska as a free state.
c. prohibit both antislavery New Englanders or proslavery Missourians from interference in Kansas politics.
d. insure that the future of slavery would be determined according to Douglas's principle of popular sovereignty.
e. bring Kansas into the Union, while making it impossible to prohibit slavery there.

Answer: E

Southerners were especially enraged by abolitionists' funding of antislavery settlers in Kansas because

a. proslavery settlers from Missouri could not receive the same kind of funding.
b. such sponsored settlement would make a mockery of Douglas's popular sovereignty doctrine.
c. the settlers included fanatical and violent abolitionists like John Brown.
d. most ordinary westward-moving pioneers would be sympathetic to slavery.
e. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska had seemed to imply that Kansas would become a slave state.

Answer: E

Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South contended that

a. the Founders had intended that slavery should eventually be eliminated.
b. slavery was contrary to the religious values held by most Americans.
c. slavery did great harm to the poor whites of the South.
d. slavery violated the human rights of African Americans.
e. wealthy plantation owners would eventually seek to enslave poor whites as well.

Answer: C

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

a. was strongly rooted in religiously based antislavery sentiments.
b. argued that nonslaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery.
c. helped northerners understand that southerners disliked the cruelty of slavery.
d. was based on Stowe's extensive personal experience with slavery in the Deep South.
e. portrayed black slaves as seething with anger and potential violence.

Answer: A

Northerners especially resented Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act because it

a. would encourage the building of a transcontinental railroad along the southern route.
b. would make Douglas the leading Democratic candidate for the presidency.
c. repealed the Missouri Compromise prohibiting slavery in northern territories.
d. would bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state.
e. would end the equal balance of free and slave states in the Union.

Answer: C

The Gadsden Purchase was fundamentally designed to

a. enable the United States to guarantee control of California.
b. permit the construction of a transcontinental railroad along a southern route.
c. block Mexican raids into Arizona and New Mexico.
d. serve the political interests of Senator Stephen Douglas.
e. divert attention from the Pierce administration's secret plan to seize Cuba.

Answer: B

The primary goal of the Treaty of Kanagawa , which Commodore Matthew Perry signed with Japan in 1854, was

a. establishing a balance of power in East Asia.
b. opening Japan to American missionaries.
c. guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China.
d. establishing American naval bases in Hawaii and Okinawa.
e. opening Japan to American trade.

Answer: E

Southerners seeking to expand the territory of slavery undertook filibustering military expeditions to acquire

a. Canada and Alaska.
b. Venezuela and Colombia.
c. Nicaragua and Cuba.
d. Hawaii and Samoa.
e. northern Mexico.

Answer: C

The conflict over slavery following the election of 1852 led shortly to the

a. death of the Whig party. because of their attempts to swallow the Fugitive Slave Law
b. death of the Democratic party.
c. death of the Republican party.
d. rise of the Free Soil party.
e. takeover of the Whig party by proslavery elements.

Answer: A

The most significant effect of the Fugitive Slave Law, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, was

a. an end to slave escapes and the Underground Railroad.
b. the extension of the Underground Railroad into Canada.
c. a sharp rise in northern antislavery feeling.
d. a growing determination by radical abolitionists to foment violent slave rebellions.
e. growing northern hostility to radical abolitionists.

Answer: C

The greatest winner in the Compromise of 1850 was

a. the North.
b. the South.
c. the Whig party.
d. the border states.
e. President Millard Fillmore.

Answer: A

Under the terms of the Compromise of 1850

a. California was admitted to the Union as a free state, and the issue of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories would be left up to popular sovereignty.
b. California was admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico as slave states.
c. California, Utah, and New Mexico were kept as territories but with slavery prohibited.
d. New Mexico and Texas were admitted as slave states and Utah and California as free states.
e. the South and North agreed that the number of slave and free states should remain equal.

Answer: A

It appeared that the Compromise of 1850 would fail to be enacted into law when

a. Senator John C. Calhoun agreed that the Compromise was the best solution available.
b. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died and the new president Fillmore backed the Compromise.
c. Senator William Seward stated that a higher law demanded preservation of the Union.
d. violence between radical abolitionists and southern fire-eaters made Congress realize compromise was essential.
e. Henry Clay persuaded President Taylor to reverse his opposition to the Compromise.

Answer: B

Senator Daniel Webster's fundamental view regarding the issue of slavery expansion into the West was that

a. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.
b. new slave and free states should always be admitted in pairs so as to preserve the sectional balance.
c. there was no need to legislate because climate and geography guaranteed that plantation slavery could not exist in the West.
d. slavery should be prohibited in the West but that the South could expand slavery into Central America and the Caribbean.
e. the South should be permitted to expand slavery if it abandoned its demand for a Fugitive Slave Law.

Answer: C

Southerners hated the Underground Railroad and demanded a stronger federal Fugitive Slave Law especially because

a. the numbers of runaway slaves had grown dramatically.
b. they feared that railroad conductors might foment a slave rebellion.
c. northern toleration of slave runaways reflected a moral judgment against slavery.
d. southern states were forced to spend large sums on slave patrols and slave catchers.
e. the risk of un-captured runaways was beginning to depress the price of slaves.

Answer: C

The proposed direct admission of California into the Union, without passing through territorial status, was dangerously controversial because

a. the territory was in a condition of complete lawlessness and anarchy.
b. the Mexicans were threatening renewed warfare if California joined the Union.
c. California's admission as a free state would destroy the equal balance of slave and free states in the U.S. Senate.
d. there was a growing movement to declare California an independent nation.
e. southern California and northern California did not want to be part of the same state.

Answer: C

Rapid formation of an effective state government in California seemed especially urgent because

a. proslavery Californians were gaining effective control of the territory.
b. of the threat that Mexico would reconquer the territory.
c. of the need to provide state subsidies for a transcontinental railroad.
d. there was no legal authority to suppress the violence and lawlessness that accompanied the California gold rush.
e. the influx of gold-seekers from around the world was causing ethnic conflict.

Answer: D

In the election of 1848, the response of the Whig and Democratic parties to the rising controversy over slavery was

a. a strong pro slavery stance by the Democrats and a strong antislavery stance by the Whigs.
b. to attack the sectional divisiveness of the anti slavery Free Soil party.
c. an attempt to ignore the issue by shoving it out of sight.
d. to permit each individual candidate to take his own stand on the issue.
e. to promise to seek a sectional compromise no matter which party won the presidency.

Answer: C

Popular sovereignty was the idea that

a. the government of each new territory should be elected by the people.
b. the American public should have a popular vote on whether to admit states with or without slavery.
c. presidential candidates should be nominated by popular primaries rather than party conventions.
d. the United States should assume popular control of the territory acquired from Mexico.
e. the people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.

Answer: E

The transcendentalist writers such as Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller stressed the ideas of

a. inner truth and individual self-reliance.
b. political democracy and economic progress.
c. personal guilt and fear of death.
d. love of chivalry and return to the medieval past.
e. religious tradition and social reform.

Answer: A

The Knickerbocker Group of American writers included

a. Henry David Thoreau, Thomas Jefferson, and Susan B. Anthony.
b. George Bancroft, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Herman Melville.
c. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant.
d. Walt Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe.
e. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edith Wharton, and Henry James

Answer: C

Two leading female imaginative writers who added luster to New England's literary reputation were

a. Sarah Orne Jewett and Kate Chopin.
b. Toni Morrison and Mary McCarthy.
c. Sarah Grimké and Susan B. Anthony.
d. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Abigail Adams.
e. Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.

Answer: E

Many of the American utopian experiments of the early nineteenth century focused on all of the following except for

a. communal economics and alternative sexual arrangements.
b. temperance and diet reforms.
c. advanced scientific and technological ways of producing and consuming.
d. developing small-business enterprises and advanced marketing techniques.
e. doctrines of reincarnation and transcendental meditation.

Answer: D

Besides the hostility and ridicule it suffered from most men, the pre-Civil War women's movement failed to make large gains because

a. it was overshadowed by the larger and seemingly more urgent antislavery movement.
b. women were unable to establish any effective organization to advance their cause.
c. several prominent feminist leaders were caught up in personal and sexual scandals.
d. it became bogged down in pursuing trivial issues like changing women's fashions.
e. most ordinary women could not see any advantage to gaining equal rights.

Answer: A

One primary cause of women's subordination in nineteenth-century America was

a. the cult of domesticity that sharply separated women's sphere of the home from that of men in the workplace.
b. women's primary involvement in a host of causes other than that of their own rights.
c. the higher ratio of females to males in many communities.
d. the prohibition against women's participation in religious activities.
e. the widespread belief that women were morally inferior to men.

Answer: A

Reformer Dorothea Dix worked for the cause of

a. women's right to higher education and voting.
b. international peace.
c. better treatment of the mentally ill.
d. temperance.
e. antislavery.

Answer: C

The major promoter of an effective tax-supported system of free public education for all American children was

a. Mary Lyons.
b. Horace Mann.
c. Noah Webster.
d. Susan B. Anthony.
e. Abraham Lincoln.

Answer: B

Besides their practice of polygamy, the Mormons aroused hostility from many Americans because of

a. their cooperative economic practices that ran contrary to American economic individualism.
b. their efforts to convert members of other denominations to Mormonism.
c. their populous settlement in Utah , which posed the threat of a breakaway republic in the West.
d. their practice of baptizing the dead without the permission of living relatives.
e. the political ambitions of their leaders Joseph Smith and Brigham Young.

Answer: A

The major effect of the growing slavery controversy on the churches was

a. a major missionary effort directed at converting African American slaves.
b. the organization of the churches to lobby for the abolition of slavery.
c. an agreement to keep political issues like slavery out of the religious area.
d. a prohibition on slaveowning by clergy.
e. a split of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians into separate northern and southern churches.

Answer: E

The term Burned-Over District refers to

a. an area where fires were used to clear land for frontier revivals.
b. areas where Baptist and Methodist revivalists fiercely battled one another for converts.
c. the region of western New York State that experienced especially frequent and intense revivals.
d. the areas of Missouri and Illinois where the Mormon settlements were attacked and destroyed.
e. the church conventions where Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians split over slavery.

Answer: C

Evangelical preachers like Charles Grandison Finney linked personal religious conversion to

a. the construction of large church buildings throughout the Midwest.
b. the expansion of American political power across the North American continent.
c. the Christian reform of social problems in order to build the Kingdom of God on earth.
d. the organization of effective economic development and industrialization.
e. a call for Christians to withdraw from worldly materialism and politics.

Answer: C

Which of the following was not characteristic of the Second Great Awakening?

a. Enormous revival gatherings, over several days, featuring famous evangelical preachers
b. A movement to overcome denominational divisions through a united Christian church
c. The spilling over of religious fervor into missionary activity and social reform
d. The prominent role of women in sustaining the mission of the evangelical churches
e. An intense focus on emotional, personal conversion and a democratic spiritual equality

Answer: B

Two denominations that became the dominant faiths among the common people of the West and South were

a. Episcopalians and Unitarians.
b. Congregationalists and Presbyterians.
c. Quakers and Seventh Day Adventists
d. Lutherans and Catholics.
e. Methodists and Baptists.

Answer: E

The tendency toward rationalism and indifference in religion was reversed beginning about 1800 by

a. the rise of Deism and Unitarianism.
b. the rise of new groups like the Mormons and Christian Scientists.
c. the revivalist movement called the Second Great Awakening.
d. a large influx of religiously traditional immigrants.
e. the emergence of Roman Catholicism.

Answer: C

By the 1850s, most northerners could be described as

a. opposed to slavery but also hostile to immediate abolitionists.
b. fervently in favor of immediate abolition.
c. sympathetic to white southern arguments in defense of slavery.
d. eager to let the slaveholding South break apart the Union.
e. hostile to the slave trade but tolerant of slavery.

Answer: A

The northern political leader who successfully defended the Amistad slave rebels and overturned the Gag Resolution in Congress was

a. congressman and former president John Quincy Adams.
b. black abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass.
c. Senator Daniel Webster.
d. religious revivalist Theodore Dwight Weld.
e. Illinois state legislator and congressman Abraham Lincoln.

Answer: A

The last open debate inside the South regarding proposals to gradually abolish slavery occurred in

a. southern colleges in the 1830s.
b. the Southern Baptist Convention in 1850.
c. the Tennessee Appalachian Mountain areas in 1840-1841.
d. the Virginia state legislature in 1830-1831.
e. the Texas state legislature in 1848-1850.

Answer: D

Frederick Douglass and some other black and white abolitionists sought to end slavery by

a. encouraging slave rebellions in the South.
b. calling on the North to secede from the Union and invade the South.
c. getting northern churches to condemn the sin of slavery.
d. promoting antislavery political movements like the Free Soil and Republican parties.
e. promoting education and economic opportunity for free blacks.

Answer: D

Most of the early abolitionists were motivated by

a. a desire to send African Americans back to Africa.
b. anger at the negative economic impact of slavery on poorer whites.
c. a belief that slavery violated the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
d. a philosophical commitment to racial equality.
e. religious feeling against the sin of slavery.

Answer: A

The African American family under slavery was

a. generally stable and mutually supportive.
b. almost nonexistent.
c. largely female-dominated.
d. seldom able to raise children to adulthood.
e. more stable on the small farms of the upper South than on large plantations.

Answer: A

Most slave owners treated their slaves as

a. objects to be beaten and brutalized as often as possible.
b. economically profitable investments.
c. members of their extended family.
d. potential converts to evangelical Christianity.
e. sexual objects.

Answer: B

One major consequence of the outlawing of the international slave trade by Britain and the United States was

a. a boom in slave trading inside the United States.
b. a complete end to the importation of any slaves from Africa into the United States.
c. a decline in the growth of the American slave population.
d. slave owners' growing support for black family life so that natural reproduction would increase.
e. a movement to end the domestic U.S. slave trade as well.

Answer: A

The condition of the 500,000 or so free blacks was

a. considerably better in the North than in the South.
b. notably improving in the decades before the Civil War.
c. causing a majority of them to favor emigration to Africa or the West Indies.
d. politically threatened but economically secure.
e. as bad or worse in the North than in the South.

Answer: E

The only group of white southerners who hated both slave owners and blacks were

a. poor southern whites in the frontier areas of Texas and Arkansas.
b. urban merchants and manufacturers.
c. religious leaders.
d. Appalachian mountain whites.
e. women.

Answer: D

Even though they owned no slaves, most southern whites strongly supported the slave system because they

a. were bribed by the planter class.
b. enjoyed the economic benefits of slavery.
c. felt racially superior to blacks and hoped to be able to buy slaves.
d. disliked the northern abolitionists.
e. accepted the idea that slavery was approved in the Bible.

Answer: C

Most southern slave owners held

a. over a hundred slaves.
b. over fifty slaves.
c. about twenty slaves.
d. fewer than ten slaves.
e. only one slave.

Answer: D

Which of the following was not characteristic of the few thousand wealthiest southern plantation owners holding a hundred or more slaves?

a. They promoted the ideals of feudal, hierarchical medieval Europe.
b. They provided their children with elite private educations in Europe or the North.
c. They controlled a large proportion of the wealth and power of the entire South.
d. They felt a large sense of public obligation to pursue education and statecraft.
e. They did not permit their wives to have any role in managing their slaves and plantations.

Answer: E

A large portion of the profits from the South's cotton growing went to

a. northern traders and European cloth manufacturers.
b. southern and northern slave traders.
c. southern textile industrialists.
d. Midwestern farmers and cattlemen.
e. small cotton growers.

Answer: A

By 1840, cotton had become central to the whole American economy because

a. the United States was still largely an agricultural nation.
b. cotton exports provided much of the capital that fueled American economic growth.
c. the North became the largest market for southern cotton production.
d. western expansion depended on continually increasing the acreage devoted to cotton.
e. northern agricultural products like wheat and corn could not be grown for a profit.

Answer: B

The real significance of William Henry Harrison's victory in the election of 1840 was that it

a. constituted a sharp repudiation of Andrew Jackson and Jacksonianism.
b. brought a fresh new face to American presidential politics.
c. showed that the Whigs could win with a candidate other than Henry Clay.
d. showed that the Whigs could practice the new mass democratic politics as successfully as the Democrats.
e. showed that the public wanted serious debates as well as noisy "hoopla" in presidential politics.

Answer: D

Prominent leaders of the Whig party included

a. Martin Van Buren and John C. Calhoun.
b. David Crockett and Nicholas Biddle.
c. Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison.
d. Stephen Austin and Sam Houston.
e. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

Answer: E

The Panic of 1837 and the subsequent severe depression were caused primarily by

a. the stock market collapse and a sharp decline in grain prices.
b. a lack of new investment in industry and technology.
c. the threat of war with Mexico over Texas.
d. overspeculation and Jackson's hard-money financial policies.
e. British investors' loss of confidence in American business.

Answer: D

In the immediate aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution

a. Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission.
b. Texas joined the United States as a slave state.
c. Mexico and the United States agreed to a joint protectorate over Texas.
d. Britain threatened the United States with war over Texas.
e. the Texas government sought to expand westward to the Pacific.

Answer: A

Among the political innovations that first appeared in the election of 1832 were

a. political parties and direct popular voting for president.
b. newspaper endorsements and public financing of presidential campaigns.
c. nomination by congressional caucus and voting by the Electoral College.
d. third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms.
e. secret ballots and the prohibition on liquor in polling places.

Answer: D

One important result of President Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the United States was

a. a successful economy to hand on to his successor, Van Buren.
b. a sounder financial system founded upon thousands of locally controlled banks.
c. the American banking system's dependence on European investment and control.
d. the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization.
e. Jackson's equally successful attack on the secretive and elitist Masons.

Answer: D

Jackson's veto of the Bank of the United States recharter bill represented a(n)

a. response to Europeans investors' lack of faith in the dollar.
b. attempt to assure bankers and creditors that the federal government had their interests at heart.
c. concession to Henry Clay and his National Republican followers.
d. gain for sound banking and a financially stable currency system.
e. bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors.

Answer: E

In promoting his policy of Indian removal, President Andrew Jackson

a. defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees.
b. admitted that the action would destroy Native American culture and society.
c. acted against the advice of his cabinet and his military commanders in the Southeast.
d. tried to split the Cherokees apart from their allies such as the Creeks and Seminoles.
e. was convinced that the Indians would better thrive in Oklahoma.

Answer: A

Some southeastern Indian tribes like the Cherokees were notable for their

a. effectiveness in warfare against encroaching whites.
b. odevelopment of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions.
c. success in persuading President Jackson to support their cause.
d. adherence to traditional Native American cultural and religious values.
e. consistent opposition to slavery and racism.

Answer: B

Under the surface of the South's strong opposition to the Tariff of Abominations was

a. a desire to develop its own textile industry.
b. competition between southern cotton growers and midwestern grain farmers.
c. a strong preference for British manufactured goods over American-produced goods.
d. a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery.
e. a belief that the high tariff would foster immigration and urbanization.

Answer: D

Andrew Jackson's fundamental approach during the South Carolina nullification crisis was to

a. acknowledge the injustice of the high Tariff of Abominations and seek to lower it.
b. seek to strengthen South Carolina unionists while politically isolating the nullifiers.
c. join hands with Henry Clay in attempting to find a compromise solution.
d. attempt to change the focus of attention from the tariff to slavery.
e. mobilize a sizable military force and threaten to hang the nullifiers.

Answer: E

One political development that demonstrated the power of the new popular democratic movement in politics was

a. the rise of the caucus system of presidential nominations.
b. the use of party loyalty as the primary qualification for appointing people to public office.
c. extensive public speaking tours by presidential candidates.
d. the strong support for public schools and a national university.
e. the vigorous campaign to abolish the electoral college.

Answer: C

Andrew Jackson's strong appeal to the common people arose partly because

a. Americans finally understood the ideas of the Declaration of Independence.
b. many citizens were tired of the partisan fights between Republicans and Federalists.
c. he had risen from the masses and reflected many of their prejudices in his personal attitudes and outlook.
d. farmer and labor organizations aroused populist opposition to elitist politics.
e. he was skilled at appealing to the public's evangelical religion and fervent patriotism.

Answer: C

Which of the following was not among the factors that made John Quincy Adams's presidency a political failure?

a. Adams's attempts to treat Indians fairly.
b. Adams's involvement with corrupt machine deals and politicians.
c. Adams's stubborn and prickly personality.
d. Adams's support for national roads, a national university, and an astronomical observatory.
e. Adams's hostility to western land speculation and unlimited expansionism.

Answer: B

The Jacksonian charge that John Quincy Adams won the presidency through a corrupt bargain arose because

a. William Crawford threw his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for a seat in the Senate.
b. members of the House of Representatives claimed that they had been bribed to vote for Adams.
c. Adams ended his previous opposition to Henry Clay's American System.
d. Jackson discovered that there had been vote fraud in several pro-Adams states.
e. after Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, he was appointed secretary of state.

Answer: E

The immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was

a. a rise in tension between the United States and the major European powers.
b. very small.
c. a close alliance between the United States and the Latin American republics.
d. a series of clashes between the American and British navies.
e. a declaration by Russia that it would not attempt to colonize Oregon and California.

Answer: B

As proclaimed by Monroe in his message of 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that

a. only the United States had a right to intervene to promote democracy in Latin America.
b. the British and Americans would act together to prevent further Russian expansion on the Pacific coast.
c. the United States would not tolerate further European intervention or colonization in the Americas.
d. the United States would support the Greeks in their fight for independence against Turkey.
e. the United States and the new Latin American republics would resist British attempts to control American trade.

Answer: C

The original impetus for declaring the Monroe Doctrine came from

a. a British proposal that America join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics.
b. the growing British threat to intervene in Latin America.
c. the American desire to gain new territory in the Caribbean and Central America.
d. the Austrian Prince Metternich's plans to establish new European colonies in the Americas.
e. Spain's crushing of the new Latin American republics' independence.

Answer: A

Andrew Jackson's invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of that territory after

a. President Monroe ordered him to seize all Spanish military posts in the area.
b. the United States declared its rights under the Monroe Doctrine.
c. President Monroe's cabinet endorsed Jackson's action and declared war on Spain.
d. Secretary of State Adams pressured Spain to cede the area to the United States.
e. Spain agreed to trade Florida in exchange for American guarantees of Spanish ownership of California.

Answer: D

One of the key components of the sectional Missouri Compromise negotiated by Henry Clay was

a. a guarantee that there would always be an equal number of slave and free states.
b. a congressional prohibition on slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri.
c. the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Iowa as a free state.
d. a guarantee that no new slave territories could be added to the United States.
e. prohibition of the international slave trade and restrictions on slave trading with the United States.

Answer: B

In the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, John Marshall's Supreme Court held that

a. the Supreme Court had the power to decide on the constitutionality of state laws.
b. private colleges, and not the state, had the right to set rules and regulations for their students and faculty.
c. only Congress and not the states could regulate interstate commerce.
d. only the federal government and not the states could charter educational and other nonprofit institutions.
e. the states could not violate the charter of a private, nonprofit corporation like Dartmouth College once it had been granted.

Answer: E

Besides admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, the Missouri Compromise provided that

a. slavery would not be permitted anywhere in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except in Missouri itself.
b. the number of proslavery and antislavery members of the House of Representatives would be kept permanently equal.
c. the international slave trade would be permanently ended.
d. slavery would be gradually ended in the District of Columbia.
e. the United States would promote the settlement of free blacks in Liberia.

Answer: A

The new nationalistic feeling right after the War of 1812 was evident in all of the following except

a. the development of a distinctive national literature.
b. an increased emphasis on economic independence.
c. the addition of significant new territory to the United States.
d. a new pride in the American army and navy.
e. the cry for the development of a better national transportation system.

Answer: C

The Era of Good Feelings was sharply disrupted by the

a. bitter political battles over the Tariff of 1816 and Henry Clay's American System.
b. renewal of international tensions with Britain over Canada and the Monroe Doctrine.
c. panic of 1819 and the battle over slavery in Missouri.
d. nasty presidential campaign of 1820.
e. war with the North African Barbary Coast states.

Answer: C

One significant international consequence of the War of 1812 was

a. a growth of good relations between the United States and Britain.
b. a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism.
c. the spread of American ideals of liberty to much of western Europe.
d. increased American attention to the threat of attack from European nations.
e. an American turn toward seeking continental European allies such as France or Prussia.

Answer: B

One significant domestic consequence of the War of 1812 was

a. a weakening of respect for American naval forces.
b. an increased threat from Indians in the West.
c. the revival of the Federalists as a threat to the politically weakened President Madison.
d. a decline of nationalism and a growth of sectionalism.
e. an increase in domestic manufacturing and economic independence.

Answer: E

The terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 provided that

a. there would be a buffer Indian state between the United States and Canada.
b. Britain would stop the impressment of American sailors.
c. the United States would acquire western Florida in exchange for guaranteeing British control of Canada.
d. the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war.
e. both the United States and Britain would guarantee the independence of Canada.

Answer: D

Even though the victory in the Battle of New Orleans provided a large boost to American morale, it proved essentially meaningless because

a. General Jackson was unable to pursue and destroy the British army after his victory.
b. the British continued their guerrilla attacks on the Mississippi Valley region.
c. the peace treaty had been signed several weeks before.
d. the British navy retained control of the shipping lanes around New Orleans.
e. the United States had failed in its primary objective of conquering Canada.

Answer: C

Two prominent American military heroes during the War of 1812 were

a. Tecumseh and Henry Clay.
b. James Madison and Stephen Decatur.
c. Thomas Macdonough and Francis Scott Key.
d. Isaac Brock and John Quincy Adams.
e. Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew Jackson.

Answer: E

The greatest American military successes of the War of 1812 came in the

a. land invasions of Canada.
b. Chesapeake campaign fought around Washington and Baltimore.
c. naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere.
d. defense of Fort Michilimackinac on Lake Michigan
e. raids on British forces in North Africa.

Answer: C

The Federalists essentially believed that

a. most governmental power should be retained by the states or by the people themselves.
b. the federal government should provide no special aid to private business.
c. the common people could, if educated, participate in government affairs.
d. the United States should have a powerful central government controlled by the wealthy and well educated.
e. the United States should isolate itself from Europe and turn toward westward expansion.

Answer: D

Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party essentially believed that the whole future of American society rested on an essential foundation of

a. wealthy planters and merchants.
b. international trade and westward expansion.
c. free, white, educated, small landowning farmers.
d. evangelical Protestants and learned scientists and technicians.
e. a political coalition of whites and African Americans.

Answer: C

The United States became involved in an undeclared war with France in 1797 because of

a. fierce American opposition to the concessions of Jay's Treaty.
b. American anger at attempted French bribery of American diplomats in the XYZ Affair.
c. French interference with American shipping and freedom of the seas.
d. President Adams's sympathy with Britain and hostility to Revolutionary France.
e. France's refusal to sell New Orleans and Louisiana.

Answer: B

George Washington's successor, John Adams, was politically crippled by

a. Washington's refusal to give him his whole-hearted endorsement.
b. the political hostility directed at his assertive wife, Abigail Adams.
c. the attacks and plots by enemies within his own Federalist party, including Hamilton.
d. his ignorance and weakness in managing foreign and military affairs.
e. his support for the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.

Answer: C

In the 1790s, the powerful Miami Indians led by Little Turtle battled with the U.S. Army for control of

a. Lake Erie and Lake Huron.
b. the Ohio territory.
c. Kentucky.
d. hunting rights west of the Appalachians.
e. Florida.

Answer: B

President Washington's foreign policy rested on the firm conviction that

a. there should be an end to European colonialism in the Americas.
b. the United States could enhance its power by mediating between warring Britain and France.
c. America needed to adhere firmly to its Revolutionary alliance with France.
d. America ought to enter the French-British war only if its own republican ideals were at stake.
e. the United States was too militarily weak and political disunited to become involved in European wars.

Answer: E

Regarding the French Revolution, most Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans believed that

a. even the extreme violence of the Reign of Terror was regrettable but necessary.
b. the overthrow of the king was necessary, but the Reign of Terror went much too far.
c. the Revolution should be supported by American military aid if necessary.
d. the French Revolution represented a complete distortion of American Revolutionary ideals of liberty.
e. its political goals were valid but its atheistic attack on Christianity was unjustified.

Answer: C

The Whiskey Rebellion proved to be most significant in the long run because it

a. showed that the tariff was a more effective producer of revenue than the excise tax.
b. showed that the new federal government would use force if necessary to uphold its authority.
c. demonstrated that the American military could suppress a powerful domestic rebellion.
d. showed the strength of continuing anti-federalist hostility to the new constitutional government.
e. showed that Americans would not tolerate federal taxation of their alcohol, tobacco, and firearms.

Answer: B

The first American political parties developed primarily because of

a. the sectional division over slavery.
b. the Founders' belief that organized political opposition was a necessary part of good government.
c. the antifederalists' continuing hostility to the legitimacy of the new federal Constitution.
d. patriotic opposition to foreign intervention in American domestic affairs.
e. the opposition of Thomas Jefferson and his followers to Hamilton's financial policies and enhancement of federal government power.

Answer: E

Hamilton's first financial policies were intended to

a. finance the new government through the sale of western lands.
b. fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states.
c. repudiate the debts accumulated by the government of the Articles of Confederation.
d. insure that low federal taxes would spur economic growth.
e. guarantee that the dollar would become a sound and respected international currency.

Answer: B

The Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reversed the federalist momentum of the Constitution by declaring that

a. the federal government had no power to restrict the action of local governments.
b. the powers of the presidency did not extend to foreign policy.
c. all rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves.
d. the Supreme Court had no power to rule in cases affecting property rights.
e. the states themselves were not bound by the guarantees in the bill of rights.

Answer: C

The Bill of Rights is the name given to provisions whose actual legal form consists of

a. an executive proclamation of President George Washington.
b. Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution.
c. a set of rulings issued by the Supreme Court.
d. the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States.
e. the common law rights inherited from the English Magna Carta.

Answer: D

The influential Founder and member of Congress who personally wrote the Bill of Rights was

a. George Washington.
b. Thomas Jefferson.
c. John Marshall.
d. Alexander Hamilton.
e. James Madison.

Answer: E

A key addition to the new federal government that had been demanded by many critics of the Constitution and others in the ratifying states was

a. a cabinet to advise the president.
b. a written bill of rights to guarantee liberty.
c. a supreme court.
d. federal assumption of state debts.
e. a federal district where the capital would be located.

Answer: B

The crucial Federalist successes in the fight for ratification occurred in the states of

a. Georgia, Maryland, and Delaware.
b. Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York.
c. Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Rhode Island.
d. Connecticut, South Carolina, and New Hampshire.
e. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Vermont

Answer: B

Anti-federalists generally found their greatest support among

a. residents of small states like Delaware and New Jersey.
b. the commercial areas of the eastern seaboard.
c. former Loyalists and others who disliked American Revolutionary ideals.
d. the wealthy and well-educated.
e. the poorer debtors and farmers.

Answer: E

The Great Compromise, finally agreed to by the Constitutional Convention, provided that

a. the House of Representatives would be elected by the people and the Senate by the state legislatures.
b. the large states would be taxed on the basis of population and the small states on the basis of territory.
c. there would be separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government.
d. there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives but equal representation of all states in the Senate.
e. slavery would continue to be permitted in the South but not in the North.

Answer: D

Besides George Washington, the most influential delegates to the Constitutional Convention were

a. John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock.
b. Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Paine.
c. John Adams, Abigail Adams, and Gouverneur Morris.
d. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.
e. Daniel Shays, Richard Henry Lee, and John Marshall.

Answer: D

Shays' Rebellion contributed greatly to the movement for a new constitution by

a. revealing that Revolutionary War veterans like Shays wanted a more powerful federal government.
b. raising the fear of anarchy and disorder among wealthy conservatives.
c. raising the prospect of British or French interference in American domestic affairs.
d. showing that state legislatures could effectively resist the demands of radical farmers.
e. proving that America needed a stronger military to crush domestic rebellions.

Answer: B

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided that

a. the states should retain permanent control of their western lands.
b. money from the sale of western lands should be used to promote manufacturing.
c. after sufficient population growth, western territories could be organized and then join the union as states.
d. the settlers in the Northwest could vote on whether or not they should have slavery.
e. the Old Northwest states should have permanent access to the Great Lakes water.

Answer: C

The greatest weakness of the government under the Articles of Confederation was that

a. it was unable to deal with the issue of western lands.
b. it was still too subservient to America's ally, France.
c. it had no power to establish relations with foreign governments.
d. there was no judicial branch to balance the legislative and executive branches.
e. it had no power to regulate commerce or collect taxes from the sovereign states.

Answer: E

The first U.S. government of the Articles of Confederation was finally approved when

a. George Washington insisted that he needed a single ruling authority to deal with.
b. land-rich states like Virginia and New York agreed to hand over their lands to the new government for the common benefit.
c. Congress abandoned the principle that each state had one vote regardless of size.
d. the economy was plunged into severe depression that required drastic action.
e. Britain refused to honor the Peace of Paris by holding onto its forts in the West.

Answer: B

Attempts to establish strong governments in post-Revolutionary America were seriously hindered by the

a. lack of strong leadership available in the new nation.
b. revolutionary ideology that preached natural rights and suspicion of all governmental authority.
c. hostility of the clergy toward the idea of separation of church and state.
d. fear that a strong government would suppress economic development.
e. seizure of power by dangerous demagogues like Daniel Shays.

Answer: B

One way that American independence actually harmed the nation's economic fortunes was by

a. ending British trade and investment in America.
b. abolishing the stable currency system that had existed under the empire.
c. creating too much taxation and regulation by the federal government in Philadelphia.
d. weakening the manufacturing efforts begun under the British.
e. cutting off American trade with the British empire.

Answer: E

The fundamental difference between ordinary laws and a constitution that emerged from the American Revolution was that ordinary laws

a. described specific illegal acts, while a constitution granted positive rights.
b. addressed economic questions, while a constitution addressed the distribution of political power.
c. could be passed and repealed by legislatures, while a constitution was a fundamental law ratified by the people and superior to all legislation.
d. applied to the states; a constitution was a document of the federal government.
e. were approved by the people, while a constitution emerged from the decisions of judges.

Answer: C

The ideal of republican motherhood that emerged from the American Revolution held that

a. women should be rewarded politically for having helped establish the American republic
b. women had a special responsibility to cultivate the civic virtues of republicanism in their children.
c. the government should establish social services to help mothers raise their children.
d. mothers should be granted full political and economic rights in the American republic.
e. mothers had a responsibility to teach principles of equality to their daughters as well as sons.

Answer: B

Despite the Revolution's emphasis on human rights and equality, the Founding Fathers failed to abolish slavery because

a. they saw it as necessary to maintain American power.
b. they feared black rebellion if slavery was removed
c. of their fear that a fight over slavery would destroy a fragile national unity.
d. almost none of them believed that slavery was wrong.
e. many of them felt guilty about interracial sexual liaisons with their slaves.

Answer: C

When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801 "We are all republicans-we are all Federalists," he meant that

a. Americans would never ally themselves with monarchial governments
b. federalists would be appointed to his Cabinet
c. the two parties' platforms were identical
d. the principles of American government were above party politics
e. he admired hamilton's policies

Answer: D

Among the important social changes brought about by the American Revolution was

a. the abolition of slavery everywhere except in South Carolina and Georgia.
b. a strong movement toward equality of property.
c. an army where the soldiers elected their own officers.
d. full equality and voting rights for women.
e. the increasing separation of church and state.

Answer: E

The skeptical public finally accepted Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska partly because it

a. learned that there were extensive oil deposits in the territory.
b. was found to be strategically vital to American defense in the northern Pacific.
c. realized that Alaska would be the last frontier after the settling of the West.
d. was grateful to Russia as the only great power friendly to the Union during the Civil War.
e. became entranced by the natural beauty and wildlife of the territory.

Answer: D

The radical Republicans' impeachment of President Andrew Johnson resulted in

a. Johnson's acceptance of the radicals' Reconstruction plan.
b. a revision in the impeachment clause of the Constitution to make such an action more difficult.
c. Johnson's conviction on the charge of violating the Tenure of Office Act.
d. Johnson's resignation and appointment of Ulysses Grant as his successor.
e. a failure to convict and remove Johnson from the presidency by a margin of only one vote.

Answer: E

The major long-term effect of white terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan was to

a. disempower blacks politically and restore white supremacy.
b. drive the U.S. Army out of the South.
c. create a permanent secret government of former Confederates in the southern states.
d. make most southerners forget their nostalgia for the lost cause of the Confederacy.
e. encourage many blacks to arm themselves for self-defense.

Answer: A

The radical Reconstruction regimes in the Southern states

a. took away white Southerners' civil rights and voting rights.
b. consisted almost entirely of blacks.
c. established public education and adopted many needed reforms.
d. were largely the pawns of white northern carpetbaggers.
e. were almost one hundred percent honest and free from corruption.

Answer: C

Achieving the right to vote encouraged southern black men to

a. form a third political party as an alternative to the Democrats and Republicans.
b. seek a formal apology and reparations for slavery.
c. organize the Union League as a vehicle for political empowerment and self-defense.
d. organize large-scale migrations out of the South to the West.
e. demand that each southern state grant blacks "forty acres and a mule."

Answer: C

Women's-rights leaders opposed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because

a. they objected to racial integration in the women's movement.
b. the amendments granted citizenship and voting rights to black and white men but not to women.
c. they favored passage of the Equal Rights Amendment first.
d. most of them were Democrats who would be hurt by the amendments.
e. they feared interracial sex and marriage.

Answer: B

The Fifteenth Amendment provided for

a. readmitting Southern states to the Union.
b. full citizenship and civil rights for former slaves.
c. voting rights for former slaves.
d. voting rights for women.
e. racial integration of public schools and public facilities.

Answer: C

Which of the following was not among the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment?

a. Disqualification from federal and state office for former Confederate officials who had violated their oaths
b. Reduction in Congressional representation and Electoral College vote for states that did not let blacks vote
c. Repudiation of any Confederate debts
d. Citizenship and full civil rights (except voting) for former slaves
e. Elimination of one senator from each southern state until Reconstruction was complete

Answer: E

Besides putting the South under the rule of federal soldiers, the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that all the reconstructed southern states must

a. give blacks the vote as a condition of readmission to the Union.
b. give blacks and carpetbaggers majority control of Southern legislatures.
c. provide former slaves with land and education at state expense.
d. try former Confederate officials and military officers for treason.
e. effectively suppress the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups.

Answer: A

In contrast to radical Republicans, moderate Republicans generally

a. favored states' rights and opposed direct federal involvement in individuals' lives.
b. favored the use of federal power to alter the Southern economic system.
c. favored emancipation but opposed the Fourteenth Amendment.
d. favored returning the Southern states to the Union without significant Reconstruction.
e. supported policies favorable to poor southern whites as well as blacks.

Answer: A

The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a

a. victory for Johnson and his pro-Southern Reconstruction plan.
b. further political stalemate between the Republicans in Congress and Johnson.
c. decisive defeat for Johnson and a veto-proof Republican Congress.
d. gain for Northern Democrats and their moderate compromise plan for Reconstruction.
e. split between moderate Republicans in the Senate and radical Republicans in the House.

Answer: B

The Black Codes, passed by many of the Johnson-approved Southern state governments in late 1865, aimed to

a. provide economic assistance to get former slaves started as sharecroppers.
b. prohibit interracial sexual relations.
c. permit blacks to vote if they met certain educational or economic standards.
d. force blacks to leave the South.
e. ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control.

Answer: E

Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction in 1863 was that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when

a. it repealed its original secession act and withdrew its soldiers from the Confederate Army.
b. 10 percent of its voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation.
c. it formally adopted a plan guaranteeing black political and economic rights.
d. it ratified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
e. it barred from office and punished those who had voted for secession or served in the Confederate government.

Answer: B

The Freedmen's Bureau was originally established to provide

a. land, supplies, and seed for black farmers.
b. job registration.
c. food, clothing, and education for emancipated slaves.
d. political training in citizenship for black voters.
e. transportation and assistance in reuniting separated family members.

Answer: C

Which of the following was not among the critical questions that faced the United States during Reconstruction?

a. Would the president, Congress, or the states direct Reconstruction?
b. How would liberated blacks manage as free men and women?
c. Would the South be granted some kind of regional autonomy short of independence?
d. How would the economically and socially devastated South be rebuilt?
e. How would the southern states be reintegrated into the Union?

Answer: C

As the Democratic Party nominee in 1864, General George McClellan

a. denounced Lincoln as a traitor and called for an immediate end to the war.
b. repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy.
c. indicated that, if elected president, he would take personal command of all Union armies.
d. called for waging a total war against the civilian population in the South.
e. effectively attacked Lincoln's constant turnover of top Union generals.

Answer: B

Sherman's march "from Atlanta to the sea" was especially notable for its

a. tactical brilliance against Confederate cavalry forces.
b. effective use of public relations to turn Southern sympathies against the Confederacy.
c. brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations.
d. impact in inspiring Northern public opinion to turn against slavery.
e. commitment to emancipate slaves and bring them into the Union army.

Answer: C

Lincoln's election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at

a. Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg.
b. the Wilderness, Lookout Mountain, and Appomattox.
c. Bull Run, the Peninsula, and Fredericksburg.
d. Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley.
e. Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Cold Harbor.

Answer: D

Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's vice-presidential running mate in 1864, was a

a. Copperhead.
b. War Democrat.
c. conservative Republican.
d. radical Republican.
e. Peace Democrat.

Answer: B

Lincoln dealt with the leading Copperhead, Clement Vallandigham, by

a. banishing him to Canada.
b. persuading the Democratic party to repudiate him.
c. drafting him into the Union army.
d. using Union troops to harass him into silence.
e. convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South.

Answer: E

Grant's capture of Vicksburg was especially important because it

a. quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi.
b. ended the threat of a Confederate invasion of southern Illinois and Indiana.
c. blocked the French army in Mexico from moving to aid the Confederacy.
d. destroyed Southern naval power.
e. enabled the North to completely suppress the South's cotton trade with Europe.

Answer: A

Lee's primary goal in invading the North in the summer of 1863 was to

a. capture major Northern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
b. deflect attention from "Stonewall" Jackson's movements against Washington.
c. strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war.
d. cut off Northern supply lines and damage the Union's economic foundations.
e. drive through to Canada and thus split the North in two.

Answer: C

The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army

a. added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause.
b. were largely prevented from participating in combat.
c. were enlisted primarily to compensate for the military advantage that the South enjoyed because of slavery.
d. saw relatively little direct military action during the war.
e. were enthusiastic but relatively ineffective in combat.

Answer: A

The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were to

a. bolster public support for the war and the Republican party.
b. increase conflict between Lincoln and the radical wing of the Republican party.
c. turn the Democratic party from support of the war toward favoring recognition of the Confederacy.
d. weaken support for the Union among British and French public opinion.
e. strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North.

Answer: E

Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves

a. who had fled their masters and joined the Union Army.
b. under control of the rebellious Confederate states.
c. in the Border States and in areas under Union Army control.
d. in Washington, D.C.
e. whose masters were loyal to the Confederacy.

Answer: B

Antietam was one of the crucial battles of the Civil War because

a. it ended any further possibility of Confederate invasion of the North.
b. it was the last chance for the Confederates to win a major battle.
c. it fundamentally undermined Confederate morale.
d. the death of Lee's greatest general, Stonewall Jackson, crippled his military effectiveness.
e. it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy.

Answer: E

The Union blockade of Confederate ports was

a. initially leaky but eventually effective.
b. challenged by the powerful navies of Britain and France.
c. immediately effective in capturing Confederate blockade-running ships.
d. largely ineffective in shutting off the sale of Confederate cotton in Europe.
e. more effective on the Atlantic coast than along the Gulf coast.

Answer: A

After the failed Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to a

a. new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy.
b. new strategy based on an invasion through the mountains of western Virginia and Tennessee.
c. strategy of defensive warfare designed to protect Washington, D.C.
d. reliance on the navy rather than the army to win the war.
e. strategy based on encouraging political divisions within the South.

Answer: A

The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was his

a. inability to gain the support of his troops.
b. tendency to rush into battle with inadequate plans and preparation.
c. lack of confidence in his own abilities.
d. excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle.
e. tendency to rely on artillery and cavalry rather infantry troops.

Answer: D

A major effect of the First Battle of Bull Run was to

a. convince the North that it would not be that difficult to conquer Richmond.
b. increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence.
c. demonstrate the superiority of Southern volunteer soldiers over Northern draftees.
d. cause a wave of new Southern enlistments in the army.
e. lead Lincoln to consider abandoning Washington and moving the government elsewhere.

Answer: B

Northern women made particular advances during the Civil War by

a. advocating the right to vote for both African Americans and women.
b. entering industrial employment and providing medical aid for soldiers on both sides.
c. pushing for women to take up noncombatant roles in the military.
d. upholding the feminine ideals of peace and reconciliation.
e. operating farms and shops while their men were away fighting the war.

Answer: B

Many of the new millionaires who emerged in the North during the Civil War

a. committed their personal fortunes to the Union cause.
b. made their fortunes by providing poorly made, shoddy goods to the Union armies.
c. made their highest profits by selling captured cotton to British textile manufacturers.
d. earned public distrust by secretly advocating a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy.
e. paid the largest portion of the taxes that financed the Union war effort.

Answer: B

Lincoln argued that his assertion of sweeping executive powers and suspension of certain civil liberties was justified because

a. he was confident that Congress and the Supreme Court would approve his actions.
b. the South had committed even larger violations of the Constitution.
c. during wartime, a president has unlimited power over the civilian population.
d. he had plainly stated that he would take such steps during his campaign for the presidency.
e. it was necessary to set aside small provisions of the Constitution in order to save the Union.

Answer: E

The U.S. minister in London warned that the United States would declare war against Britain if

a. the British navy did not help to sink the Confederate raider Alabama.
b. Confederate agents continued to use Canada as a safe base for raids into the North.
c. the British did not withdraw their support for French intervention in Mexico.
d. the British aristocracy continued to express public support for the Confederacy.
e. the British government delivered the Laird ram warships it had built to the Confederacy.

Answer: E

The South's weapon of King Cotton failed to draw Britain into the war on the side of the Confederacy because

a. the British discovered that they could substitute flax and wool for cotton.
b. the British proved able to grow sufficient cotton in their own land.
c. the British found sufficient cotton from previous stockpiles and from new sources like Egypt and India.
d. the threat of war with France distracted British attention for several years.
e. Confederate smugglers evaded the Union blockade and delivered sufficient cotton supplies to Britain.

Answer: C